*Bible, Origins
[https://en.wikipedia.] Bible. Textual history. By the 2nd century BCE, Jewish groups began calling the books of the Bible the “scriptures” and they referred to them as “holy”... The Bible was divided into chapters in the 13th century by Stephen Langton and it was divided into verses in the 16th century by French printer Robert Estienne… The division of the Hebrew Bible into verses is based on the sof passuk cantillation mark used by the 10th century Masoretes to record the verse divisions used in earlier oral traditions. The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the Vatican Library… The oldest copy of the Tanakh in Hebrew and Aramaic dates from the 10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin (Vulgate) Bible is the Codex Amiatinus, dating from the 8th century.
Development. Professor John K. Riches, Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow, ways that “the biblical texts themselves are the result of a creative dialogue between ancient traditions and different communities through the ages”, and “the biblical texts were produced over a period in which the living conditions of the writers - political, cultural, economic, and ecological - varied enormously”. Timothy H. Lim, a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh, says that the Old Testament is “a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing.” He states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind. Parallel to the solidification of the Hebrew canon (c. 3rd century BCE), only the Torah first and then the Tanakh began to be translated into Greek and expanded, now referred to as the Septuagint or the Greek Old Testament.
In Christian Bibles, the New Testament Gospels were derived from oral traditions in the 2nd half of the 1st century CE. Riches says that: “Scholars have attempted to reconstruct something of the history of the oral traditions behind the Gospels, but the results have not been too encouraging. The period of transmission is short: less than 40 years passed between the death of Jesus and the writing of Mark’s Gospel. This means that there was little time for oral traditions to assume fixed form.”
The Bible was later translated into Latin and other languages. John Riches states that: “The translation of the Bible into Latin marks the beginning of a parting of the ways between Western Latin-speaking Christianity and Eastern Christianity, which spoke Greek, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, and other languages. The Bibles of the Eastern Churches vary considerably: the Ethiopic Orthodox canon includes 81 books and contains many apocalyptic tests, such as were found at Qumran and subsequently excluded from the Jewish canon. As a general rule, one can say that the Orthodox Churches generally follow the Septuagint in including more books in their Old Testaments than are in the Jewish canon.”
Archaeological and historical research. Biblical archaeology is the archaeology that relates to and sheds light upon the Hebrew Scriptures and the Christian Greek Scriptures (or the “New Testament”). It is used to help determine the lifestyle and practices of people living in biblical times… One broad division includes biblical maximalism which generally takes the view that most of the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible is based on history although it is presented through the religious viewpoint of its time. It is considered to be the opposite of biblical minimalism which considers the Bible to be a purely post-exilic (5th century BCE and later) composition. Even among those scholars who adhere to biblical minimalism, the Bible is a historical document containing first-hand information on the Hellenistic and Roman eras, and there is universal scholarly consensus that the events of the 6th century BCE Babylonian captivity have a basis in history.
The historicity of the biblical account of the history of ancient Israel and Judah of the 10th to 7th centuries BCE is disputed in scholarship. The biblical account of the 8th to 7th centuries is widely, but not universally, accepted as historical, while the verdict on the earliest period of the United Monarchy (10th century BCE) and the historicity of David is unclear. Archaeological evidence providing information on this period, such as the Tel Dan Stele, can potentially be decisive. The biblical account of events of the Exodus from Egypt in the Torah, and the migration to the Promised Land and the period of Judges are not considered historical in scholarship.
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Related, Authorship of the Bible.
*Related, Archaeological and historical research.
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*Related, Timeline.
*(BCE). Before Current Era… Common Era or Current Era (CE). is a year-numbering system (calendar era) for the Julian and Gregorian calendars that refers to the years since the start of this era, i.e., since AD 1. The preceding era is referred to as before the Common or Current Era (BCE). The Current Era notation can be used as a secular alternative to the Dionysian era system, which distinguishes eras as AD (the year of the Lord) and BC (before Christ)... In the later 20th century, the use of CE (Current Era) and BCE (Before Current Era) was popularized in academic and scientific publications, and more generally by authors and publishers wishing to emphasize secularism or sensitivity to non-Christians, by not explicitly referencing Jesus or “Christ” and “Lord” -”in the year of Our Lord Jesus Christ”. BCE usage increasing since 1980… https://en.wikipedia.
*(BP) Before Present - “Before Physics” - (relating to radiocarbon dating) years is a time scale used mainly in geology and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred in the past. Because the “present” time changes, standard practice is to use Jan 1, 1950 as commencement date of the age scale, reflecting the fact that radiocarbon dating became practical in the 1950s. The abbreviation “BP”, with the same meaning, has also been interpreted as “Before Physics”; that is, before nuclear weapons artificially altered the proportion of the carbon isotopes in the atmosphere, making dating other after that time likely to be unreliable. https://en.wikipedia.
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