(Jody Gray) this Blog Post is part of my personal research -Origins -understanding how what exists today came to exist; and, Why are you my enemy? *This topic, relates to human behavior and racism.
*Apartheid [https://en.wikipedia.] was a system of institutionalised, or systematic, racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991… which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and grand apartheid, which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race… Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party (NP) during the country's 1948 general elections.
...The Population Registration Act, 1950 classified all South Africans into one of four racial groups based on appearance, known ancestry, socioeconomic status, and cultural lifestyle: “black”, “white”, “coloured”, and “Indian”, the last two of which included several sub-classifications. Places of residence were determined by racial classification. From 1960 to 1983, 3.5 million non-white South Africans were removed from their homes, and forced into segregated neighborhoods, in one of the largest mass removals in modern history. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the black populations to ten designated “tribal homelands”, aka bantustans, four of which became nominally independent states. The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans.
Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the 20th century. It was the target of frequent condemnation in the United Nations, and brought about an extensive arms and trade embargo on South Africa… Apartheid legislation was abolished in mid-1991…
Precursors. ...The United Kingdom’s Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. To comply with the act the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835, which effectively changed the status of slaves to indentured labourers. This was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848, which introduced an indenture system for Xhosa (Bantu ethnic group) that was little different from slavery. The various South African colonies passed legislation throughout the rest of the 19th century to limit the freedom of unskilled workers, to increase the restrictions on indentured workers and to regulate the relations between the races.
The Franchise and Ballot Act of 1892 instituted limits on financial means and education to the black franchise, and the Natal Legislative Assembly Bill of 1894 deprived Indians of the right to vote. The Glen Grey Act of 1894 instigated by the government of Prime Minister Cecil John Rhodes limited the amount of land Africans could hold. In 1905 the General Pass Regulations Act denied blacks the vote, limited them to fixed areas and inaugurated the infamous Pass System. The Asiatic Registration Act (1906) required all Indians to register and carry passes. In 1910 the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion, which continued the legislative programme: the South African Act (1910) enfranchised (right to vote) whites, giving them complete political control over all other racial groups while removing the right of blacks to sit in parliament, the Native Land Act (1913) prevented blacks, except those in the Cape, from buying land outside “reserves”, the Native in Urban Areas Bill (1918) was designed to force blacks into “locations”, the Urban Areas Act (1923) introduced residential segregation and provided cheap labour for industry led by white people, the Colour Bar Act (1926) prevented black mine workers from practising skilled trades, the Native Administration Act (1927) made the British Crown, rather than paramount chiefs (highest-level political leader in a regional or local polity or country), the supreme head over all African affairs, the Native Land and Trust Act (1936) complemented the 1913 Native Land Act and, in the same year, the Representation of Natives Act removed previous black voters from the Cape voters’ roll and allowed them to elect three whites to Parliament… the Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946), banned land sales to Indians.
The United Party government began to move away from the rigid enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II. Amid fears integration would eventually lead to racial assimilation, the legislature established the Sauer Commission to investigate the effects of the United Party’s policies. The commission concluded that integration would bring about a “loss of personality” for all racial groups.
Election of 1948. ...The rapid economic development of World War II attracted black migrant workers in large numbers to chief industrial centers, where they compensated for the wartime shortage of white labour… Overcrowding, spiking crime rates, and disillusionment resulted; urban blacks came to support a new generation of leaders influenced by the principles of self-determination and popular freedoms enshrined in such statements as the Atlantic Charter (see). Whites reacted negatively to the changes, allowing the Herenigde Nationale Party to convince a large segment of the voting bloc that the impotence of the United Party in curtailing the evolving position of the non-whites indicated that the organisation had fallen under the influence of Western liberals. Many Afrikaners, whites chiefly of Dutch descent but with early infusions of Germans and French Huguenots who were soon assimilated, also resented what they perceived as disempowerment by an underpaid black workforce and the superior economic power and prosperity of white English speakers…
Afrikaner nationalists proclaimed that they offered the voters a new policy to ensure continued white domination. This policy was initially expounded from a theory drafted by Hendrik Verwoerd and was presented to the National Part by the Sauer Commission. It called for a systematic effort to organise the relations, rights, and privileges of the races as officially defined through a series of parliamentary acts and administrative decrees. Segregation had thus been pursued only in major matters, such as separate schools, and local society rather than law had been depended upon to enforce most separation; it should now be extended to everything. The party gave this policy a name apartheid (apartness). Apartheid was to be the basic ideological and practical foundation of Afrikaner politics for the next quarter of a century.
The National Party’s election platform stressed that apartheid would preserve a market for white employment in which non-whites could not compete. On the issues of black urbanisation, the regulation of non-white labour, influx control, social security, farm tariffs, and non-white taxation the United Party’s policy remained contradictory and confused…
First to desert the United Party were Afrikaner farmers, who wished to see a change in influx control due to problems with squatters, as well as higher prices for their maize and other produce in the face of the mine-owner's demand for cheap food policies. Always identified with the affluent and capitalist, the party also failed to appeal to its working class constituents… Daniel Francois Malan became the first nationalist prime minister, with the aim of implementing the apartheid philosophy and silencing liberal opposition.
Legislation. (the Population Registration Act of 1950 has already been covered). The Group Area Act of 1950 determined where one lived according to race -which was used in later years as a basis for forced removal. The Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act of 1951. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 prohibited marriage between persons of different races, and the Immorality Act of 1950 made sexual relations with a person of a different race a criminal offence. Under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953, municipal grounds could be reserved for a particular race, creating, among other things, separate beaches, buses, hospitals, schools and universities. Signboards such as “whites only” applied to public areas, even including park benches. Blacks were provided with services greatly inferior to those of whites, and, to a lesser extent, to those of Indian and coloured people.
Further laws had the aim of suppressing resistance, especially armed resistance to apartheid. The Suppression of Communism Act of 1950 banned any party subscribing to Communism. The act defined Communism and its aims so sweepingly that anyone who opposed government policy risked being labelled as a Communist. Since the law specifically stated that Communism aimed to disrupt racial harmony, it was frequently used to gag opposition to apartheid. Disorderly gatherings were banned, as were certain organisations that were deemed threatening to the government.
The 1953 Bantu Education Act, which crafted a separate system of education for black South African students and was designed to prepare black people for lives as a labouring class…
The Black Homeland Citizenship Act of 1970 marked a new phase in the Bantustan strategy. It changed the status of blacks to citizens of one of the ten autonomous territories. The aim was to ensure a demographic majority of white people within South Africa by having all ten Bantustans achieve full independence.
*Atlantic Charter.
*Atlantic Charter: stated the ideal goals of the war -no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people, self-determination; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of aggressor nations. Adherents of the Atlantic Charter signed the Declaration by United Nations on 1/1/1942, which became the basis for the modern United Nations.
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*National Party (South Africa).
*National Party (South Africa) [https://en.wikipedia.] (Afrikaans) was a political party in South Africa founded in 1915 and first became the governing party in the country in 1924. It was in opposition during the World War II years but returned to power and was again in government from 6/4/1948-5/9/1994. During the 1980s, large fractions of the party’s support base left for the Conservative Party, unhappy about the party’s gradual dismantling of the Apartheid system. After 1990, the NP opened up its membership to all race groups and rebranded itself as a non-racial, conservative political force. It participated in the Government of National Unity between 1994 and 1996…
Founding and early history. The NP was founded in Bloemfontein in 1915 by Afrikaner nationalists soon after the establishment of the Union of South Africa. Its founding was rooted in disagreements amount the South African Party politicians…
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*Afrikaners.
*Afrikaners [https://en.wikipedia.] are a Southern African ethnic group descended from predominantly Dutch settlers first arriving in the 17th and 18th centuries. They traditionally dominated South Africa’s agriculture and politics prior to 1994.
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*Anti-miscegenation laws. RELATED: Racism, Segregation. Supremacy.
*Anti-miscegenation laws [https://en.wikipedia.] were laws that enforced racial segregation at the level of marriage and intimate relationships by criminalizing interracial marriage and sometimes also sex between members of different races. Such laws were first introduced in North America from the late seventeenth century onwards by several of the Thirteen Colonies, and subsequently by many US states and US territories and remained in force in many US states until 1967. After the Second World War, an increasing number of states repealed their anti-miscegenation laws. In 1967, Loving v. Virginia, the remaining anti-miscegenation laws were held to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States. Similar laws were also enforced in Nazi Germany as part of the Nuremberg laws, and in South Africa as part of the system of Apartheid.
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Related:
*BP: Ethnogenesis; Scientific Racism; Eugenics. http://historicalandmisc.* Scientific racism -the pseudo-scientific study of techniques and hypotheses to support or justify the belief in racism, racial inferiority, or racial superiority… might be asserted to be superior or inferior Scientific racism was common during the New Imperialism period (c. 1880s-1914) where it was used in justifying white European imperialism, and it was culminated in the period from 1920 to the end of World War II.
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