*http://www.eupedia.c * Haplogroup I1
Origins and History. Haplogroup I is the oldest major haplogroup in Europe and in all probability the only one that originated there… would have arrived from the Middle East to Europe some 35,000 years ago, then developed into haplogroup I soon afterwards. It has now been confirmed by ancient DNA test that the first Homo sapiens to colonize Europe during the Aurignacian period (45,000 to 28,000 years ago), belonged to haplogroups CT, C1a, C1b, F and I.
It is estimated that the I1 branch bifurcated (divided into another branch) from the rest of haplogroup I some 27,000 years ago. I1 is defined by over 300 unique mutations, which indicates that this lineage experienced a serious population bottleneck. Most of the Late Glacial and Mesolithic remains tested to date belonged to haplogroup I* or I2…. It has been speculated that I1 evolved in isolation in Scandinavia during the late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, when hunter-gatherers from southern Europe recolonised the northern half of the continent from their Last Glacial Maximum refugia. The oldest attested evidence of postglacial resettlement of Scandinavia dates from 11,000 BCE with the appearance of the Ahrensburg culture. However, five Y-DNA samples from Mesolithic Sweden, dating from c. 5800 to 5000 BCE and tested by Lazaridis et al. (2013) and Haak et al. (2015) all turned out to belong to haplogroup I2.
...The most likely hypothesis at present is that I1 and I2 lineages were dispersed around Europe during the Mesolithic, and that some branches prospered more than others thanks to an early adoption of agriculture upon contact with the Near Eastern farmers who were slowly making their way across the Balkans and the Mediterranean shores… It would appear that a founder effect in the northern LBK population led to a sudden explosion of I1 lineage, perhaps in part thanks to their better knowledge of the Central European terrain and fauna. I1 would have later spread to Scandinavia from northern Germany.
Population bottleneck: a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events (earthquakes, disease, etc) or human activities (such as genocide). Can reduce the variation in the gene pool of a population -resulting in smaller genetic diversity… robustness of the population is reduced and its ability to survive… is reduced.
Germanic migrations. *I’m only including my known ancestor groups: Anglo-Saxons, Franks,
The Germanic migrations dispersed I1 lineages to Britain (Anglo-Saxons), Belgium (Franks, Saxons), France (Franks), South Germany (Franks)...
The Danish and Norwegian Vikings brought more I1 to Britain, Ireland, Normandy, Flanders… The Swedish Vikings (Varangians) set up colonies in Russia and Ukraine... The higher frequency of I1 in Northwest Russia (east of the Baltic) hints it had a particularly strong Varangian presence, which is concordant with the establishment of the Kievan Rus by the Swedes.
-Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup I1a: Nordic… L22: Scandinavia + Viking heritage
I1a2: West Germanic (Western Europe) -Scandinavia... Scotland, East Germany… Nordic countries + Russia and Scotland
Grouping by STR. All Germanic tribes expanded from a smaller geographic core around Denmark and southern Sweden within the last 2500 years.
- The Northern cluster, peaking in Norway, Sweden and Finland
- The Norse group (mostly Swedish) (mostly Norwegian and Icelandic)
- Bothnian group, mostly in Finland and northeast Sweden
- The Southern cluster, most common in Denmark, Germany, the Low Countries and the British Isles
- Danish/Polish group
- Western group, comprising the Low countries, England, Scotland and Ireland; probably matches Anglo-Saxon and Frisian/Batavian ancestry.
- Welsh subgroup… England, esp. Wales
https://en.wikipedia. Migration Period: Many of the migrations were movements of Germanic, Slavic, and other peoples into the territory of the then Roman Empire, with or without accompanying invasions or war.
https://en.wikipedia. Varangians. (Old Norse; Greek) was the name given by Greeks and East Slavs to Vikings, who between the 9th and 11th centuries ruled the medieval state of Kievan Rus’, settled among many rivers in Russia and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard. According to the 12th century Kievan Primary Chronicle, a group of Varangians known as the Rus’ settled in Novgorod in 862 under the leadership of Rurik.
...Engaging in trade, piracy, and mercenary activities, Varangians roamed the river systems and portages of Gardariki, as the areas north of the Black Sea were known in the Norse sagas. They controlled the Volga trade route (between the Varangians and the Arabs), connecting the Baltic to the Caspian Sea, and the Dnieper and Dniester trade route (between the Varangians and the Greeks) leading to the Black Sea and Constantinople. Those were the critically important trade links at the time, connecting Medieval Europe with wealthy and developed Arab Caliphates and the Byzantine Empire.
*https://en.wikipedia. *Founder effect. Founder mutation. In genetics, a founder mutation is a mutation that appears in the DNA of one or more individuals which are founders of a distinct population. Founder mutations initiate with changes that occur in the DNA and can be passed down to other generations. The mutation may occur in any organism that becomes a founder in the line of descendants containing that mutation, which could be a virus, a goat, or a human. General. The founder effect is a special case of genetic drift, occurring when a small group in a population splinters off from the original population and forms a new one. The new colony may have less genetic variation than the original population, and through the random sampling of alleles during reproduction subsequent generations, continue rapidly towards fixation. The consequence of inbreeding makes the colony more vulnerable to extinction.
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Related:
*BP: Genetics, Trait Inheritance. *Nature and nurture. http://historicalandmisc. * *PB: Genealogy, Family Kinship, terminology. http://historicalandmisc. *
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